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The four laws of thermodynamics define fundamental physical quantities (temperature, energy, and entropy) that characterize thermodynamic systems. The laws describe how these quantities behave under various circumstances, and forbid certain phenomena (such as perpetual motion). The four laws of thermodynamics are:〔Guggenheim, E.A. (1985). ''Thermodynamics. An Advanced Treatment for Chemists and Physicists'', seventh edition, North Holland, Amsterdam, ISBN 0-444-86951-4.〕〔Kittel, C. Kroemer, H. (1980). ''Thermal Physics'', second edition, W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, ISBN 0-7167-1088-9.〕〔Adkins, C.J. (1968). ''Equilibrium Thermodynamics'', McGraw-Hill, London, ISBN 0-07-084057-1.〕〔Lebon, G., Jou, D., Casas-Vázquez, J. (2008). ''Understanding Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics. Foundations, Applications, Frontiers'', Springer, Berlin, ISBN 978-3-540-74252-4.〕 * Zeroth law of thermodynamics: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium respectively with a third system, they must be in thermal equilibrium with each other. This law helps define the notion of temperature. * First law of thermodynamics: When energy passes, as work, as heat, or with matter, into or out from a system, its internal energy changes in accord with the law of conservation of energy. Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the first kind are impossible. * Second law of thermodynamics: In a natural thermodynamic process, the sum of the entropies of the interacting thermodynamic systems increases. Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the second kind are impossible. * Third law of thermodynamics: The entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero.〔 With the exception of non-crystalline solids (glasses) the entropy of a system at absolute zero is typically close to zero, and is equal to the log of the multiplicity of the quantum ground states. There have been suggestions of additional laws, but none of them achieve the generality of the four accepted laws, and they are not mentioned in standard textbooks.〔〔〔〔〔De Groot, S.R., Mazur, P. (1962). ''Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics'', North Holland, Amsterdam.〕〔Glansdorff, P., Prigogine, I. (1971). ''Thermodynamic Theory of Structure, Stability and Fluctuations'', Wiley-Interscience, London, ISBN 0-471-30280-5.〕 The laws of thermodynamics are important fundamental laws in physics and they are applicable in other natural sciences. ==Zeroth law== The zeroth law of thermodynamics may be stated in the following form: The law is intended to allow the existence of an empirical parameter, the temperature, as a property of a system such that systems in thermal equilibrium with each other have the same temperature. The law as stated here is compatible with the use of a particular physical body, for example a mass of gas, to match temperatures of other bodies, but does not justify regarding temperature as a quantity that can be measured on a scale of real numbers. Though this version of the law is one of the more commonly stated, it is only one of a diversity of statements that are labeled as "the zeroth law" by competent writers. Some statements go further so as to supply the important physical fact that temperature is one-dimensional, that one can conceptually arrange bodies in real number sequence from colder to hotter.〔Sommerfeld, A. (1951/1955). ''Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics'', vol. 5 of ''Lectures on Theoretical Physics'', edited by F. Bopp, J. Meixner, translated by J. Kestin, Academic Press, New York, page 1.〕〔Serrin, J. (1978). The concepts of thermodynamics, in ''Contemporary Developments in Continuum Mechanics and Partial Differential Equations. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Continuum Mechanics and Partial Differential Equations, Rio de Janeiro, August 1977'', edited by G.M. de La Penha, L.A.J. Medeiros, North-Holland, Amsterdam, ISBN 0-444-85166-6, pages 411-451.〕〔Serrin, J. (1986). Chapter 1, 'An Outline of Thermodynamical Structure', pages 3-32, in ''New Perspectives in Thermodynamics'', edited by J. Serrin, Springer, Berlin, ISBN 3-540-15931-2.〕 Perhaps there exists no unique "best possible statement" of the "zeroth law", because there is in the literature a range of formulations of the principles of thermodynamics, each of which call for their respectively appropriate versions of the law. Although these concepts of temperature and of thermal equilibrium are fundamental to thermodynamics and were clearly stated in the nineteenth century, the desire to explicitly number the above law was not widely felt until Fowler and Guggenheim did so in the 1930s, long after the first, second, and third law were already widely understood and recognized. Hence it was numbered the zeroth law. The importance of the law as a foundation to the earlier laws is that it allows the definition of temperature in a non-circular way without reference to entropy, its conjugate variable. Such a temperature definition is said to be 'empirical'.〔Adkins, C.J. (1968/1983). ''Equilibrium Thermodynamics'', (first edition 1968), third edition 1983, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-25445-0, pp. 18–20.〕〔Bailyn, M. (1994). ''A Survey of Thermodynamics'', American Institute of Physics Press, New York, ISBN 0-88318-797-3, p. 26.〕〔Buchdahl, H.A. (1966), ''The Concepts of Classical Thermodynamics'', Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 30, 34ff, 46f, 83.〕〔 *Münster, A. (1970), ''Classical Thermodynamics'', translated by E.S. Halberstadt, Wiley–Interscience, London, ISBN 0-471-62430-6, p. 22.〕〔Pippard, A.B. (1957/1966). ''Elements of Classical Thermodynamics for Advanced Students of Physics'', original publication 1957, reprint 1966, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, p. 10.〕〔Wilson, H.A. (1966). ''Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics'', Cambridge University Press, London UK, pp. 4, 8, 68, 86, 97, 311.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Laws of thermodynamics」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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